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Variables
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Groups (n = 141)
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P valueg
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|---|
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Vit D (n = 24)a
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Vit D + PA (n = 21)b
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Vit C (n = 26)c
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Vit C + PA (n = 23)d
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Placebo (n = 25)e
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Placebo + PA (n = 22)f
|
|---|
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Age (years)
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40.5 ± 5.9
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40.4 ± 5.9
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41.2 ± 5.8
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40.8 ± 5.8
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42.6 ± 5.6
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41.6 ± 6.4
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.812
|
|
Female (%)
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67
|
67
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62
|
70
|
48
|
59
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.725
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Family history of obesity (%)
|
75
|
81
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65
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65
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76
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50
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.314
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|
Family history of DM (%)
|
50
|
67
|
46
|
35
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60
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41
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.321
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Family history of BP (%)
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58
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62
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46
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57
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60
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41
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.753
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Weight (kg)
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84.2 ± 16.7
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81.7 ± 9.6
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81 ± 13.2
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79.7 ± 13.6
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82.3 ± 14
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74.9 ± 12.7
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.354
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BMI (kg/m2)
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33.1 ± 5.9
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33.4 ± 4.3
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32 ± 6.1
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32.3 ± 5.9
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32.8 ± 4.3
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30.1 ± 4.7
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.475
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WC (cm)
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109.2 ± 8
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108.5 ± 7.7
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108.2 ± 10.4
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107.8 ± 8.7
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107.6 ± 9.6
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111.5 ± 10.2
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.824
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FPG (mg/dL)
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108 ± 17.1
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106 ± 11.8
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106.6 ± 19.9
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104 ± 13.7
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110.6 ± 17.2
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106.2 ± 18.1
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.871
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SBP (mmHg)
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127.1 ± 11.5
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129 ± 12.7
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130.2 ± 12
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129 ± 11.4
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125.6 ± 14.5
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128.6 ± 10.8
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.810
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DBP (mmHg)
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79.8 ± 9.5
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83.6 ± 9.4
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81.3 ± 8.3
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79.3 ± 7.1
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80 ± 6.9
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82.5 ± 5.9
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.421
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|
TC (mg/dL)
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173.5 ± 60.8
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194.7 ± 32.2
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174.8 ± 41.5
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178.3 ± 29.8
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185.9 ± 39
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149 ± 35.8
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.326
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TG (mg/dL)
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229.3 ± 113.8
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184.5 ± 98.5
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268.4 ± 107.2*
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176.1 ± 87.4
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147.4 ± 43
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161.7 ± 70.1
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.001
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|
LDL-C (mg/dL)
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120.7 ± 64.4†
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149.6 ± 35.8
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114.5 ± 47.5
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135.5 ± 32.7
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150.4 ± 39.8
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153.5 ± 38.4
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.007
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HDL-C (mg/dL)
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34.9 ± 17.3
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40.9 ± 14.4
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33 ± 13.5
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37.6 ± 11**
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30 ± 8.5
|
40.8 ± 16.5
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.046
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Vit D (ng/mL)
|
10.8 ± 2.8
|
10.4 ± 3.2
|
–
|
–
|
12.2 ± 4
|
11 ± 4
|
.434
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|
Vit C (ng/mL)
|
–
|
–
|
.9 ± .4
|
.8 ± .3
|
1 ± .3
|
.9 ± .3
|
.320
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- Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD)
- Vit D, vitamin D; PA, physical activity; Vit C, vitamin C; DM, diabetes mellitus; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumferences; DM, diabetes mellitus
- *P < .05 compared with the placebo group, using Tukey’s test
- **P < .05 compared with the vitamin D and “placebo plus physical activity” groups, using Tukey’s test
- †P < .05 compared with the other groups, using Tukey’s test
- aReceiving 2000 IU vitamin D per day
- bReceiving 2000 IU vitamin D per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity
- cReceiving 500 mg vitamin C per day
- dReceiving 500 mg vitamin C per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity
- eReceiving one placebo per day
- fReceiving one placebo per day plus 30 min endurance physical activity
- gObtained from ANOVA or Chi square test, where appropriate
