Table 4 Studies of melatonin effects on diabetic neuropathy
From: Melatonin: new insights on its therapeutic properties in diabetic complications
| Type of study | Route of administration | Treatment duration | Target | Effect(s) | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo dose (animal) | In vitro concentration (cell type) | |||||
| 50 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 45 days | SOD CAT GPx MDA | Improved neurodegeneration and showed antioxidant effects | [156] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 4 weeks | p38 MAPK signaling | Ameliorated erectile function and improved fibrosis and neuropathy, Antioxidant effects | [160] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Wistar albino rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 2 weeks | – | Increased tibial nerve conduction velocity and amplitude | [154] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Wistar albino rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 6 weeks | – | Increased MNCV and sciatic nerve diameter | [146] |
| 120 mg/kg/day (Wistar–Kyoto rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 1 week | – | Decreased thermal hyperalgesia | [147] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 12 weeks | Caspase-3, Mn SOD, Cu–Zn SOD | Anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects | [161] |
| 3, 10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Oral | 2 weeks (seventh and eighth week after diabetes induction) | TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, Nrf2, HO-1 | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects | [158] |
| 3, 10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Oral | 2 weeks | MDA NAD+, ATP, PARP | Improved functional deficits and pain parameters Antioxidant effects | [129] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (female Wistar albino rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 2 weeks | TRPV1 and TRPM2 channels Caspase-3 Caspase-9 | Neuroprotective activity Antioxidant effects Anti-apoptosis effects | [153] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 2 weeks | GSH-Px CAT Lipid peroxidation | Improved spatial navigation memory Antioxidant effects | [155] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male albino rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 6 weeks | Myelin sheaths, nerve fibers and endoneurium in sciatic nerve sections | Antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects Myelin sheath vacuolization reduced Mild local axon separation from myelin sheaths was detected | [157] |
| – | 1 μmol/L (SK‐N‐MC, SH‐SY5Y) | – | 24 h | MT2/Akt/NF-κB pathway Caspase-3 Caspase-9 PINK1 | Anti-apoptotic effects Antioxidant effects | [159] |