Table 5 The application of melatonin for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy
From: Melatonin: new insights on its therapeutic properties in diabetic complications
| Type of study | Route of administration | Treatment duration | Target | Effect(s) | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo dose (animal) | In vitro concentration (cell type) | |||||
| 50 mg/L (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | 50 μM (human renal GEnCs) | Drinking water | 4 weeks | ROCK1, ROCK2, miR-497 | Melatonin attenuated Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of GEnCs through modulating miR-497/ROCK signaling | [179] |
| – | 5 μM (mesenchymal stem cells) | – | 24 h | Beclin-1 | MSCs therapy considerably ameliorated the renal functions. Its impact was intensified by melatonin pre-incubation. | [180] |
| 200 µg/kg (male ZDF rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 8 weeks | HSP70, Caspase3, TGF-β, KIM-1 | Melatonin revealed potential effects on protecting rats from deleterious action of diabetic nephropathy followed by its combination with rowatinex. | [197] |
| – | 0/1, 1 mM (mouse podocytes) | – | 48 and 72 h | Bax/Bcl–2, Jak/STAT | Melatonin showed anti-apoptotic effects in AngII-induced podocyte injury | [181] |
| 200 µg/kg/day (male Wistar strain albino rats) | – | Oral | 60 days | HSP70 Caspase3, TGF-β KIM-1 | The combination of melatonin and Losartan Potassium exerted the most potent effects on treating the deleterious action of diabetes on rat kidney | [176] |
| 20 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 7 days | MPX, IL-33 IL-1β IL-6 | Suppression of IL-33 with melatonin yields therapeutic potentials in diabetic kidney disease with contrast-induced nephropathy | [173] |
| 10 mg/kg (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 4 weeks | SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling | Antioxidants effects | [174] |
| 20 mg/L (male Wistar strain albino rats) | – | Drinking water | 4 weeks | NADPH oxidase (NOX) | Melatonin showed antioxidant and nephroprotective effects | [198] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male db/db mice) | – | Intraperitoneal | 30 days | SOD, CAT, MDA | Antioxidant effects | [199] |
| – | 25 μM (kidney cells of db/db mice) | – | ND | Mitochondrial complex (MC)-1 MC-3 | Antioxidant effects | [200] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 5 days | Blood glucose, HbA1c | Antioxidant effects Anti-apoptotic effects | [182] |
| 0.02% of drinking water (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Drinking water | 4 weeks | TGF-β1, FN | Potential effects on early changes in diabetic kidney | [201] |
| 200 μg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 15 days | SOD, CAT, GST, NO | Antioxidants effects | [202] |
| 10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 8 weeks | xanthine oxidase (XO) MDA, GSH-Px, SOD | Antioxidants effects | [203] |
| 200 μg/kg/day (male Wistar strain albino rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 4 weeks | IGF-1, anti-laminin β1 | Antioxidants effects | [204] |